Chart Comparing Presidential Powers
Presidential Duties
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UCCC President
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USCC
President |
USCA
President |
US President &
Commander-in-Chief
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Yes
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Yes
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Yes
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Salary
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No
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No
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No
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Yes
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Head of State holds the highest ranked position with the vested or implied
powers to act as the chief public representative of a sovereign state. Acting
as the symbolic national leader, receives foreign and national dignitaries
overseeing official hospitality honors;[vi]
key participant in military and civil ceremonies.
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Yes - The tradition of President’s
wife acting as the Presidential House
hostess began in 1775 with Dorothy Quincy Hancock, age 28, taking up part-time residence in John Hancock’s Philadelphia residence.[vii]
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Yes [ix] – The last USCA President’s wife,[x] eldest daughter
of the 6th Earl of Traquair, whose noble title was “Lady Christina Stuart Griffin.”[xi] She was renowned for her Presidential
residence hospitality[xii]
of both foreign and national dignitaries.
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Yes and Martha Washington, the first Constitution of 1787 U.S. Presidential
wife, was warmly addressed at official President House functions as “Lady
Washington.”
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Presiding Officer over Congress serving as an "impartial" moderator
during debates and relinquishing the chair when Congress resolved itself into
a Committee of the Whole to discuss committee matters and resolutions but
returning to chair for the debate; could call the question[xiii]
and cast his vote.
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Yes & each State had one vote
with Congress requiring a quorum of 9 States present; only one delegate had
to be present for a State to be tallied.
The President, in numerous instances, cast the sole vote for his State
in Congress.
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Yes & each State had one vote
with Congress requiring a quorum of 9 States present; only one delegate had
to be present for a State to be tallied.
The President, in numerous instances, cast the sole vote for his State
in Congress.
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Yes & each State had one vote
with a quorum of 7 States but at least two delegates must be present. Important
legislation required an affirmative vote of nine or mores States for
enactment. States with only one delegate present were not part of the quorum
& votes not counted.
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No but President has veto to
reject a bill passed by Congress. The House and Senate, together, can only
override a veto with a two-thirds vote in both houses, which is very rare
(110 overrides out of 2,564 from 1789-2014).
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Yes
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Yes
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No – The May 4, 1781, Rules of the
USCA stripped these Presidential powers[xvi]
but still paid by his home State with a duty to his constituency.
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No but the president submits an
annual budget to Congress & has influence over the ways the government
spends money.
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Yes
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Yes
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Yes
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No but appoints federal judges,
Attorney General, & other judiciary offices with Senate consent.
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Yes but only by order or prior
approval by Congress
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Yes but only by order or prior
approval by Congress.[xxiv]
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Yes but only by order of Congress
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Yes but treaties require Senate
advice and consent.
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Chief Diplomat with the duties of
corresponding with United States representatives abroad and with ministers of
foreign powers along with foreign Heads of State.[xxv]
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No
– Although there were UC Diplomats at work wooing France it was covert, late
in John Hancock’s UCCC Presidential
term and required little, if any, official Presidential Correspondence.
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Yes
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Yes - president appoints Foreign
Relation officials (Ambassadors, Secretary of State, etc…) making and overseeing U.S. foreign policy including what federal
officials can communicate to foreign governments
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Yes, most departments reported
directly to the President who would bring matters before Congress unless empowered himself to
execute or attend to the matters as authorized by previous legislation
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Yes but greatly reduced with USCA
shifting the bulk of these duties to USCA Secretary,[xxxvii]
Secretary of War, Minister of Finance, US & Foreign Secretary with the departmental
executives reporting directly to Congress as opposed to the President.
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Yes - Chief administrator
ultimately responsible for all executive branch programs. Responsible for
seeing that "all laws are faithfully executed," & sets the
broad policy for the executive departments and federal agencies.
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Chief Executive - Executes the laws, appoints federal officials, grants pardons
& reprieves
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No
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No
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No
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Yes but impeachment is excluded in Reprieve and Pardon powers
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Commander–in-Chief
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No
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No
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No
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Yes
- Supreme Command over U.S. Military Forces
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© 2015 Stanley & Naomi
Yavneh Klos, Ph.D. – www.Historic.us
Key: UCCC President – United Colonies Continental Congress President ---- USCC President – United States Continental --- Congress President USCA --- President – United States in Congress Assembled President ---- US President – United States President & Commander-in-Chief
[i] Journals of the ContinentalCongress, 1774-1789 (JCC, 1774-1789), ed. Worthington C. Ford et
al. (Washington, D.C., 1904-37), Saturday, October 25, 1777 – “The Committee on
the Treasury reported, that they have audited the account of the honble. President Hancock, for expenditures by him
for the use of Congress, and that there is due to him on balance of accounts,
the sum of 1,392 32/90 dollars.”
[ii] JCC, 1774-1789., Monday, January 22,
1776 "Resolved, that the president be empowered to employ a private
secretary, to be paid by the United Colonies."
[iii] On March 24th,
1785, Richard Henry Lee welcomed his
nephew, Thomas Lee Shippen, and invited him to stay with him at the house
provided for the President in New York.
The following day Lee's nephew wrote his father William Shippen providing
this account of the Presidential residence: "Presidents House, New York,
Thursday March 25th, 1785, My very Dear Papa: I arrived here yesterday at noon … I find my uncle in a palace and think indeed
that he does the honor of it with as much ease and dignity as if he had been
always crowned with a regal diadem. The
chamber is a spacious and elegant one and prettily furnished. I now write in it and which way so ever I
turn my eyes I find a triumphant Bar, a liberty leaf, a temple of flame on the
Hero of Heroes, all these and many more objects of a piece with them being
finally represented on the hangings.
Never were more honors, I believe, paid to any man and very seldom with
more cordiality than are daily heaped upon the head of the master of this
castle. I rejoice at it because I
believe no man ever better deserved them.
Billeted of invitation without number, visiting cards and letters of
friendly congratulations fill every mantel piece and corners of every
chamber. Sentinels guard his door,
crowds of obedient domestics run to his call and fly at his command, and a
profusion of the delicacies of good living crowns his hospitable board. This you will say is not among the most
unpleasant circumstances of the business in your son's estimation."
[iv] Paul H. Smith,
et al., eds. Letters of Delegates to
Congress, 1774-1789 (LDC, 1774-1789),
25 volumes, Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1976-2000), July 15, 1778 -- HenryLaurens to John Lewis Gervais-- "When I tell you that hitherto
Congress have only talked of a Table but seem to evade all Measures for
covering one, either with an House or Viands, two that I am forced every day to
entertain Delegates, Strangers and sometimes Minister plenipo. you will
naturally ask, will Mount Tacitus, Mepkin and etc support the expense? I can
assure you their produce must be uncommonly ample if they answer in the
affirmative. If my diurnal Account
amounted at York Town to near fifty Dollars, what will be the sum in
Philadelphia, I hope not much more."
[v] JCC, 1774-1789, Friday, July 31, 1778
"That in the Opinion of your Committee it will be necessary to the
reception of Ambassadors That in the Opinion of your Committee it will be
necessary to the Reception of Ambassadors and other Foreigners of Importance,
that the President of the Congress for the Time being should be allowed a House
and Table at the Public Expense, and that a Master of the Ceremonies should be
appointed to superintend the same, adjust the Ceremonies and the like, the
which by the assent of Congress ought to be framed into Rules and
published." On Wednesday, December
16, 1778, Congress acted on the Committee Report - "Congress took into consideration the
report of the committee appointed to report a proper allowance for the
honorable gentlemen who have been or may be elected presidents of Congress, to
defray the expenses incidental to the office: Whereupon, Resolved, That the
representatives of the Hon. Mr. [Peyton] Randolph, deceased, that the Hon. Mr.
[Henry] Middleton, the Hon. Mr. [John]Hancock, and the Hon. Mr. [Henry]Laurens, formerly presidents of Congress, be requested to lay before the
Board of Treasury accounts of their expenditures in support of their households
while they respectively exercised the office of President, in order to their
being adjusted and paid out of the public treasury. Resolved, That a convenient
furnished dwelling house be hired, and a table, carriage and servants provided,
at the public expense, for the President of Congress for the time being: That
the Committee on the Treasury appoint and agree with a steward, who shall have
the superintendence of the household of the President, and of the necessary
expenditures, and be accountable for such monies as shall, from time to time,
be advanced for the purpose aforesaid."
[vi] The
Franco-American Alliance and the arrival of the French Minister in Philadelphia
necessitated the President spending a great deal of time entertaining, which
was costly and found wanting by the French officials. Letters
of Delegates to Congress, 1774-1789, September 1779, Virginia Delegate Cyrus Griffin wrote Peace Commissioner
Benjamin Franklin - "The French are
a gay people and entertain a good deal; I am afraid Mon. Gérard has thought the
Delegates in Congress were rather deficient in that respect; but really the expense
of every article is so very enormous, and the allowance from the different
states so very trifling, that a person of a handsome American fortune could not
entertain frequently without absolute ruin in the period of two or three
years-and especially since some of the states think it best for their delegates
to live in separate houses. In the course of conversation you would do some of
us a singular favor to hint this matter to Mon. Gérard-since it has the
appearance of not paying proper Civilities to a man of his worth and elevated
station."
[vii] Jared Sparks, The Writings of George Washington:
Correspondence and miscellaneous papers relating to the American Revolution: June, 1775-July, 1776. Volume 3, page 395, President Hancock writes
Commander-in-Chief George Washington
: "I request the favor, that you will please to honor me with your and
your lady's company at my house, where I have a bed at your service, and where
every endeavor on my part and Mrs.Hancock's will be exerted to make your abode agreeable. I reside in an
airy, open part of the city, in Arch Street, corner of Fourth Street. If this
should be agreeable to you, it will afford me much pleasure."
[viii] LDC, 1774-1789, John Adams to Abigail Adams, July 5th, 1777: “My dear
Daughter Philadelphia, “Yesterday, being the anniversary of American
Independence, was celebrated here with a festivity and ceremony becoming the
occasion. .. Then I went on board the
Delaware, with the President and several gentlemen of the Marine Committee,
soon after which we were saluted with a discharge of thirteen guns, which was
followed by thirteen others, from each other armed vessel in the river; then
the gallies followed the fire, and after them the guard boats. Then the
President and company returned in the barge to the shore, and were saluted with
three cheers, from every ship, galley, and boat in the river. The wharves and
shores were lined with a vast concourse of people, all shouting and huzzaing,
in a manner which gave great joy to every friend to this country, and the
utmost terror and dismay to every lurking tory.”
[ix] Pennsylvania Gazette 1728-1800 on-line publication by
Accessible Archives Malvern, PA, John Nagy, Editor - http:www.accessible.com –
“"The Delegates of the said State, on Thursday last, at twelve o, signed
and ratified the Articles of Confederation; by which act the Confederation of
The United States Of America was completed, each and every of the Thirteen
States, from New Hampshire to Georgia, both included, having adopted and
confirmed, and by their Delegates in Congress ratified the same. This happy event was immediately announced to
the public by the discharge of the artillery on land, and the cannon of the
shipping in the river Delaware. At two o’clock his Excellency the President of
Congress received on this occasion the congratulations of the Hon. Minister
Plenipotentiary of France, and of the Legislative and Executive Bodies of this
State, of the Civil and Military Officers, sundry strangers of distinction in
town, and of many of the principal inhabitants. The evening was closed by an
elegant exhibition of fireworks. The Ariel frigate, commanded by the gallant
John Paul Jones, fired a feu de joye, and was beautifully decorated with a
variety of streamers in the day, and ornamented with a brilliant appearance of
lights in the night. Thus will the first of March, 1781, be a day memorable in
the annals of America, for the final ratification of the Confederation and
perpetual Union of the Thirteen States of America."
[x] Letters of
Delegates to Congress, 1774-1789, June 9. 1788 - Delegate Paine Wingate to
Hannah Wingate "My dear friend New
York .You wish to know whether Lady Christina (for that is the name of the
Presidents lady) is as handsome as you are. I think she is much that and I can
add she resembles you in another [favor?], she is sociable &
agreeable."
[xi] Rufus Wilmot
Griswold, The Republican Court: or,
American Society in the days of Washington, New York: Appleton 1865 page 92
- “Congress are sitting; but one hears little more of them than if they were
inhabitants of the new-discovered planet.
The President is said to be a worthy man; his wife is a Scotch woman,
with the title of LadyChristiana Griffin; she is out of health [i.e. pregnant], but appears to be
a friendly disposed woman; we are engaged to dine there next Tuesday.” Account of Dinner "We have dined today
at President Griffin’s, with a company
of twenty-two persons, including many members of Congress, &c. Had you been present you would have trembled
for your country, to have seen, heard and observed the men who are its
rulers. Very different they were, I
believe, in times past. All now were
high upon the question before them; some were for it, some against it; and
there were very few whose behavior bore many marks of wisdom.”
[xii] Rufus Wilmot
Griswold, The Republican Court: or, American Society in the days of Washington,
New York: Appleton 1865, page 92. “You would not be much pleased with society
here. It is quite enough dissipated.
Public dinners, public days, and private parties, may take up a person’s whole
attention, if they attend to them all.
The President of Congress gives a dinner one or two or more days every
week, to twenty persons – gentlemen and ladies.
Mr. Jay, I believe, gives a dinner
almost every week, besides, one to the corps diplomatique;”
[xiii] JCC, 1774-1789, Monday, Tuesday, October
6, 1778 – “The question being put, and the yeas and nays being required by Mr.
President [Henry Laurens].” Monday,
December 21, 1778 -- “On the question to
agree to this resolution, the yeas and nays being required by the President [John Jay]”
[xiv] LDC, 1774-1789, President Henry Laurens to Nicholas Cooke, January
3rd, 1778 - "I have had the honor
of your favor of the 8th November,(1) which had been a very long time on its
passage, it reached me no sooner than the 31st December & although I
presented it immediately to Congress, no order has been made upon it. The House
have been for many days past laboriously engaged not only in matters of the
very highest importance within their proper sphere, but also obliged from some
unaccountable deficiency in the several departments of Quarter Master General,
Clothier General & Commissary General to interfere immediately & personally
in the procuring Wagons, Clothing, Meat & Flour for the Army which
otherwise from all appearance & from the Representation of the General,
would have been dispersed. The deplorable state of the Hospitals has likewise
demanded the same degree of attention. ... Your Excellency from a consideration
of these circumstances will account for what might in a time of more regularity
& tranquility be deemed a neglect of your very Interesting & affecting
Address- & I beg you will be assured Sir, I will embrace the earliest proper opening for bringing the State of
Rhode Island into view again." AND President Henry Laurens to Francis Dana, March
1, 1778 - 'Tis now late Sunday Evening & your favor
of the 25th Ulto.(1) has but this Instant made its appearance, had it been less
deliberate in its progress & not made so long a halt at the Wagon Tavern I
might yesterday have received authority for confirming your Acts in the
arrangement of the Quarter Mr. General's department. As the case now Stands,
tomorrow is mortgaged & it will be difficult to bring the business upon the
tapis before Tuesday, however I will
make an attempt & if not baulked by some Six-deep Orator will get it in
edgeway in the afternoon."
[xv] JCC, 1774-1789, September 8, 1774,
“Resolved, That the President may adjourn the Congress from day to day, when he
finds there is no business prepared to be laid before them, and may, when he
finds it necessary, call them together before the time to which they may stand
adjourned.”
[xvi] Rules
for Conducting Business, in the United States inCongress Assembled dated May 4th, 1781 entry in Journals of Congress and the United States inCongress Assembled, For the Year 1781, Published By Order of Congress,
Volume VII New York: Printed by John Patterson, Appendix.
[xvii] JCC, 1774-1789, Friday, June 2, 1780 -
"Resolved, That Congress will as soon as nine States exclusive of those
who are parties to the controversy shall be represented, proceed to determine,
whether the said Territory be comprehended in whole or in part within the
bounds of the United States as the Territories of the respective Committees
represented in Congress stood at the tie of its first institution. That if it
shall be determined to be so comprehended, the States claiming the jurisdiction
thereof in the whole or in part be directed immediately to proceed and appoint
Commissioners judicially to decide upon the several matters to be submitted to
them agreeably to the said resolutions of 24th September and 2d October
last." AND Wednesday, November 14,
1781 - "Whereas the president and supreme executive council of the State
of Pennsylvania, have presented a petition to the United States inCongress Assembled, stating, that a controversy has long subsisted between
the said State of Pennsylvania and the State of Connecticut, respecting sundry
lands lying within the northern boundary of the State of Pennsylvania, and
praying for a hearing, in pursuance of the 9th article of the Confederation:
Resolved, That the fourth Monday in June next, be assigned for the appearance
of the said states of Pennsylvania and Connecticut, by their lawful agents, at
the place in which Congress shall then be sitting."
[xviii] JCC, 1774-1789, Wednesday, October 4,
1780, “Resolved, That the Board of War be and hereby are directed to erase from
the register of the names of the officers of the army of the United States, the
name of Benedict Arnold.”
[xix] JCC, 1774-1789, Monday, December 7, 1778
- "On motion, Resolved, That the Hon. W. A. Atlee, be summoned to attend
in Congress at half after six o'clock this evening, to give testimony relative
to the charge against Brigadier W. Thompson. Ordered, That Brigadier W.
Thompson attend Congress on Monday the 21st instant."
[xx] JCC, 1774-1789, Treaty of Paris
Ratification, January 14, 1784 – “The Most
Holy and Undivided Trinity ... Done at Paris, this third day of September, in
the year of our Lord, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-three. D. Hartley, JohnAdams, B. Franklin, John Jay.’
In testimony whereof, we have caused the seal of the United States to be
hereunto affixed. Witness his Excellency
Thomas Mifflin, our President, this
fourteenth day of January in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred
and eighty four and in the eighth year of the sovereignty and independence of
the United States of America.”
[xxi] John Hancock letter to Major General Arthur St. Clair - “Philadelphia, April
30, 1777, Sir: The Congress having received intelligence of the approach of the
enemy towards Ticonderoga have thought proper to direct you to repair thither
without delay. I have it therefore in charge to transmit the enclosed resolve
and to direct that you immediately set out on the receipt hereof. John
Hancock, Presidt:” Historic.us
Collection.
[xxii] JCC, 1774-1789, Fast Day Proclamation,
March 20, 1781 -- "In times of calamity and impending danger when a
vindictive enemy pursues with unrelenting fury a war of rapine and devastation
to reduce us by fire and sword, by the savages of the wilderness and our own domestics
to the most abject and ignominious bondage; it becomes the indispensable duty
of the citizens of these United States with true penitence of heart publicly to
acknowledge the over ruling Providence of God, to confess our offences against
him, and to supplicate his gracious interposition for averting the threatened
danger and preparing our efforts in the defense and preservation of our injured
country. ... And it is recommended to all the people of these states, to
assemble for public worship, and abstain from labor on the said day. SamuelHuntington, President of the United States inCongress Assembled. Charles Thomson, Secretary of the United States inCongress Assembled"
[xxiii] JCC, 1774-1789, Saturday, March 22, 1777
– “That such of the journals and papers belonging to the secretary's office as
are in daily use by Congress, be, each day after the adjournment, sent to the
said office; and attested copies of all the resolutions to be carried into
execution by any state, officer, person, or persons whatever, and papers
necessary to accompany the same, be sent, without delay, to the president, to
the by him transmitted by express, post, or other conveyance, as shall appear
expedient or necessary; and that attested copies of any resolutions of
Congress, or public paper in the office, be delivered to any of its members
requiring the same."
[xxiv] JCC, 1774-1789, Thursday, April 17, 1777
– “That the said secretary, previous to his entering upon his office, shall
take an oath, to be administered by the president, "well and faithfully to
execute the trust reposed in him, according to his best skill and judgment, and
to disclose no matter, the knowledge of which shall be acquired in consequence
of such his office, that he shall be directed to keep secret;" also, the
oath prescribed for officers of the army, and passed the 21st day of October,
1776; and that a certificate thereof be given by the president, and lodged with
the secretary of Congress.”
[xxv] JCC, 1774-1789, Friday, February 5, 1779
-- Congress resumed the consideration of the report of the committee on
information given by the President; Whereupon, Resolved, That a committee of
two be appointed, who, together with the President, shall confer with the
Minister Plenipotentiary of France, and prepare proper dispatches and
instructions, to be sent by the Marquis de Brétigny to the Count d'Estaing
[xxvi] LDC, 1774-1789, June 14th 1785, Office
of Secretary of Congress, Secretary Charles Thomson to Foreign Secretary John Jay, "Sir .The Letter to his Most
Christian Majesty as reported has been agreed to. I enclose a Copy that you may
have a draught prepared.(1) It is the pleasure of Congress that it be signed by
the President and Counter signed by you, and that the seal of the United States
should be used in sealing the letter. With great respect &c, C.T."
[xxvii] Rufus Wilmot
Griswold, The Republican Court: or,
American Society in the days of Washington, New York: Appleton 1865, pages 91
and 92. Describing such a Foreign Secretary diplomatic dinner, the daughter
of Abigail Adams writes to her
mother, “Yesterday we dined at Mr. Jay’s, in company with the whole corps
diplomatique. Mr. Jay is a most pleasing
man, plain in his dress and manners, but kind, affectionate, and attentive;
benevolence is portrayed in every feature.
Mrs. Jay dresses gaily and showily, but is very pleasing upon a slight
acquaintance. The dinner was a la mode
Francaise, and exhibited more of European taste than I expected to find. Mr. Gardoqui was as chatty and sociable as
his countryman Del Campo, Lady Temple civil, and Sir John more of the gentleman
than I ever saw him. The French minister
is a handsome and apparently polite man; the marchioness, his sister, the
oddest figure eyes ever beheld: in short, there is so much said of and about
her, and so little of truth can be known, that I cannot pretend to form any
kind of judgment in what manner or form my attention would be properly directed
to her; she speaks English a little, is very much out of health, and was taken
ill at Mr. Jay’s, before we went to dinner,
and obliged to go home.”
[xxviii] JCC, 1774-1789, Friday, December 12,
1777 – “A letter, of this day, from Mr. PresidentH. Laurens, was read, informing, that "The malady under which he
labours has made such a progress as to convince him, by reflecting upon former
attacks, that he will not be able to move out of the house, nor to attend his
duty in Congress, for some weeks to come; and informing that there is much
business upon his table, which it is not in his power to give dispatch to; that
every day will accumulate the heap, business will be impeded, and some branches
run into confusion; and therefore, humbly moving Congress to proceed to the
choice of a president, as an act of propriety and necessity.”
[xxix] JCC, 1774-1789, Friday, January 29, 1779
- “Congress took into consideration the
report of the committee on the information given by the President, and some
time being spent thereon, Ordered, That it be re-committed.”
[xxx] Letters of Delegates to Congress,
1774-1789, August 7, 1778, Henry Laurens
to John Wells, I hope to send your
Ephemeris two days hence by Capt. Paine. Please to apply to His Excellency the
President and request him to communicate to you from my dispatches all such
Articles as His Excellency shall think proper to be published, not meaning to
bar a communication by any other paper which may be coming abroad earlier than
Yours. This is all fair with respect to the Printer and due to the Public.
[xxxi] JCC, 1774-1789, Friday, October 24, 1777
– “Mr. President informed Congress that, with the advice of the Marine
Committee, he had, on the 7th January last, issued a warrant on the treasurer
for three thousand dollars, in favor of James Morris, Esqr. for two months' pay
to the seamen who re-took the brig Lexington, as a gratuity, and also for two
months' pay on account of wages due to the seamen of the Lexington, Mr. Morris
to be accountable; with an order to the treasurer to omit charging this in the
public books, till the books of the Marine Committee arrived, when the money
would be properly charged.”
[xxxii] LDC, 1774-1789,
January 23rd, 1779 – “The President of Congress presents his
Compliments to the Committee appointed to confer with General Washington &ca, and
requests the favor of them to complete, & transmit to him a State of the
Intelligence ordered to be sent to Count D'Estaing as soon as they conveniently
can-that a measure deemed so important may not be affected by any delay in the
President's dispatches”
[xxxiii] JCC, 1774-1789, Wednesday, October 29,
1777, A petition from Mons. le Brun, was read, praying that the president would
grant him a certificate to verify the death of the late Mons. Charles Tronson
du Coudray, brigadier, colonel, and adjutant general of artillery in France,
born in Rheims, in the province of Champeigne, which happened the fifteenth day
of September, 1777, and representing that such a certificate is necessary for
his family, and that he would wish to have it triple, in order to send it to
his brother by different ways:3 Whereupon, Ordered, That the prayer of the
petition be granted.
[xxxiv] JCC, 1774-1789, Tuesday, July 14, 1778 -
“The Sieur Gérard being arrived in town, and having delivered to the President
a copy of a letter from his most Christian Majesty, signed Louis, and
underneath Gravier de Vergennes, the same was read; Whereupon, Resolved, That
his excellency le Sieur Gérard be received as minister plenipotentiary from his
most Christian Majesty to the Congress of the United States of America.”
[xxxv] JCC, 1774-1789, Thursday, May 18, 1775,
“The president laid before the Congress, some important intelligence he
receivd. last night, by express from New York, relative to the surprising and
taking of Ticonderoga, by a detachment from Massachusetts bay and Connecticut.”
[xxxvi] JCC, 1774-1789, Tuesday, March 25, 1777,
“Resolved, That the several commissioners of the loan offices, hereafter, make
monthly returns to the Board of Treasury of the cash in their respective offices,
and that the same be drafted by warrants from the president only, which,
previous to their being paid, shall be entered at the treasury office, and the
entry certified on the warrant.”
[xxxvii] JCC,
1774-1789, ed. Worthington C. Ford et al., January 28, 1782, - “In order that
the President may be relieved from that load of the business with which he is
unnecessarily encumbered, that the officers at the head of the several boards
executive departments lately established, may be enabled to execute the duties
required of them, and that business may be conducted with regularity and dispatch,
Resolved, That it shall be the business of the Secretary: 1st. To transmit to
the Superintendent of finance, all papers referred to him by Congress; as well
as an authenticated copy of every act, ordinance and resolution of Congress
touching the finances of the United States and particularly of those which
relate to supplies, the expenditure of public money or the settlement of public
accounts: to the Secretary at War, all papers referred to him by Congress; as
well as an authenticated copy of every act, ordinance and resolution touching
his department and particularly of those which relate to military preparations
or the land forces of the United States and: to the Secretary or agent of
marine, or to the person entrusted with the duties of the office of Secretary
or agent of marine, all papers referred to him by Congress; as well as an
authenticated copy of every act, ordinance or and resolution touching his
department and particularly those which relate to naval preparations and
maritime matters: and to the Secretary for foreign affairs, all papers referred
to him by Congress; as well as an authenticated copy of every act, ordinance
and resolution of Congress touching his department and particularly of those
which relate to the intercourse between the U. S. and foreign nations or which
it may be necessary to communicate to the Ministers of these United States at
foreign courts. 2d. To return such answers as Congress shall direct to be given
to the memorials petitions and communications: To keep a daily register account
of all memorials, petitions and communications received by Congress, noting
therein their object and the steps taken respecting them; and lay the said
account or register every day, on the table of Congress for the inspection of
the members. 3. To return such answers as Congress shall direct to be given to
the memorials, petitions and communications, except where Congress shall judge
it proper that the same be given by their President, or where it shall be the
duty of any of the executive departments to return such answers: 4th. To attend
Congress during their sessions, and, in their recess, to attend the committee
of the states, to read the public dispatches, acts, ordinances and reports of
committees, and to make the proper entries in the journals; to authenticate all
acts and proceedings not specially directed to be authenticated by their
President; and to keep a register of all treaties, conventions and ordinances:
5th. To cause to be made and laid upon the table for every State represented in
Congress, a copy of every ordinance or report upon a matter of importance, and
not of a secret nature, for the consideration of which a day is assigned: 6th.
To keep the public seal, and cause the same to be affixed to every act,
ordinance or paper, which Congress shall direct: 7th. To superintend the
printing of the journals and publications ordered by Congress: 8th. To keep a
book in which shall be noted in columns, the names of the several members of
Congress, the State which they represent, the date of their appointments, the
term for which they are appointed, and the date of leave of absence. Resolved,
That so much of the act of 22 March,
1777, as directs that attested copies of resolutions coming within the purview
of this act, be sent to the President, to be transmitted by him, be, and hereby
is repealed. Resolved, That the salary of the Secretary of the United States inCongress assembled, be three thousand dollars per annum."
Students and Teachers of US History this is a video of Stanley and Christopher Klos presenting America's Four United Republics Curriculum at the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School. The December 2015 video was an impromptu capture by a member of the audience of Penn students, professors and guests that numbered about 200.
1785 Broadside of the
"Estimate of the Annual Expenditure of the Civil Departments of the United
States, on the present Establishment” showing a considerable sum of money spent
on Presidential Household expenses. It
is important to note that no paper Continental dollars were issued after 1779,
and they had stopped circulating as money by 1781. In 1785, the United States in Congress Assembled made the dollar the official unit of account of the U.S.
government, but did not issue physical dollar currency, thus by
"dollars" they meant the Spanish milled dollar. No one denominated
any transactions in Continental paper dollars after 1781. The 12,000 Spanish Milled Dollars for the President Richard Henry Lee's
Presidential Household translates into about $1.9 million in today's dollars.
-- Library of Congress digital image.
The Congressional Evolution of the United States of America
Continental Congress of the United Colonies Presidents
Continental Congress of the United Colonies Presidents
Sept. 5, 1774 to July 1, 1776
September 5, 1774
|
October 22, 1774
| |
October 22, 1774
|
October 26, 1774
| |
May 20, 1775
|
May 24, 1775
| |
May 25, 1775
|
July 1, 1776
|
Commander-in-Chief United Colonies & States of America
George Washington: June 15, 1775 - December 23, 1783
Continental Congress of the United States Presidents
July 2, 1776 to February 28, 1781
July 2, 1776
|
October 29, 1777
| |
November 1, 1777
|
December 9, 1778
| |
December 10, 1778
|
September 28, 1779
| |
September 29, 1779
|
February 28, 1781
|
Presidents of the United States in Congress Assembled
March 1, 1781 to March 3, 1789
March 1, 1781 to March 3, 1789
March 1, 1781
|
July 6, 1781
| |
July 10, 1781
|
Declined Office
| |
July 10, 1781
|
November 4, 1781
| |
November 5, 1781
|
November 3, 1782
| |
November 4, 1782
|
November 2, 1783
| |
November 3, 1783
|
June 3, 1784
| |
November 30, 1784
|
November 22, 1785
| |
November 23, 1785
|
June 5, 1786
| |
June 6, 1786
|
February 1, 1787
| |
February 2, 1787
|
January 21, 1788
| |
January 22, 1788
|
January 21, 1789
|
Presidents of the United States of America
D-Democratic Party, F-Federalist Party, I-Independent, R-Republican Party, R* Republican Party of Jefferson & W-Whig Party
(1789-1797)
|
(1933-1945)
| |
(1865-1869)
| ||
(1797-1801)
|
(1945-1953)
| |
(1869-1877)
| ||
(1801-1809)
|
(1953-1961)
| |
(1877-1881)
| ||
(1809-1817)
|
(1961-1963)
| |
(1881 - 1881)
| ||
(1817-1825)
|
(1963-1969)
| |
(1881-1885)
| ||
(1825-1829)
|
(1969-1974)
| |
(1885-1889)
| ||
(1829-1837)
|
(1973-1974)
| |
(1889-1893)
| ||
(1837-1841)
|
(1977-1981)
| |
(1893-1897)
| ||
(1841-1841)
|
(1981-1989)
| |
(1897-1901)
| ||
(1841-1845)
|
(1989-1993)
| |
(1901-1909)
| ||
(1845-1849)
|
(1993-2001)
| |
(1909-1913)
| ||
(1849-1850)
|
(2001-2009)
| |
(1913-1921)
| ||
(1850-1853)
|
(2009-2017)
| |
(1921-1923)
| ||
(1853-1857)
|
(20017-Present)
| |
(1923-1929)
|
*Confederate States of America
| |
(1857-1861)
| ||
(1929-1933)
| ||
(1861-1865)
|
United Colonies Continental Congress
|
President
|
18th Century Term
|
Age
|
Elizabeth "Betty" Harrison Randolph (1745-1783)
|
09/05/74 – 10/22/74
|
29
| |
Mary Williams Middleton (1741- 1761) Deceased
|
Henry Middleton
|
10/22–26/74
|
n/a
|
Elizabeth "Betty" Harrison Randolph (1745–1783)
|
05/20/ 75 - 05/24/75
|
30
| |
Dorothy Quincy Hancock Scott (1747-1830)
|
05/25/75 – 07/01/76
|
28
| |
United States Continental Congress
|
President
|
Term
|
Age
|
Dorothy Quincy Hancock Scott (1747-1830)
|
07/02/76 – 10/29/77
|
29
| |
Eleanor Ball Laurens (1731- 1770) Deceased
|
Henry Laurens
|
11/01/77 – 12/09/78
|
n/a
|
Sarah Livingston Jay (1756-1802)
|
12/ 10/78 – 09/28/78
|
21
| |
Martha Huntington (1738/39–1794)
|
09/29/79 – 02/28/81
|
41
| |
United States in Congress Assembled
|
President
|
Term
|
Age
|
Martha Huntington (1738/39–1794)
|
03/01/81 – 07/06/81
|
42
| |
Sarah Armitage McKean (1756-1820)
|
07/10/81 – 11/04/81
|
25
| |
Jane Contee Hanson (1726-1812)
|
11/05/81 - 11/03/82
|
55
| |
Hannah Stockton Boudinot (1736-1808)
|
11/03/82 - 11/02/83
|
46
| |
Sarah Morris Mifflin (1747-1790)
|
11/03/83 - 11/02/84
|
36
| |
Anne Gaskins Pinkard Lee (1738-1796)
|
11/20/84 - 11/19/85
|
46
| |
Dorothy Quincy Hancock Scott (1747-1830)
|
11/23/85 – 06/06/86
|
38
| |
Rebecca Call Gorham (1744-1812)
|
06/06/86 - 02/01/87
|
42
| |
Phoebe Bayard St. Clair (1743-1818)
|
02/02/87 - 01/21/88
|
43
| |
Christina Stuart Griffin (1751-1807)
|
01/22/88 - 01/29/89
|
36
|
Constitution of 1787
First Ladies |
President
|
Term
|
Age
|
April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797
|
57
| ||
March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801
|
52
| ||
Martha Wayles Jefferson Deceased
|
September 6, 1782 (Aged 33)
|
n/a
| |
March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817
|
40
| ||
March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825
|
48
| ||
March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829
|
50
| ||
December 22, 1828 (aged 61)
|
n/a
| ||
February 5, 1819 (aged 35)
|
n/a
| ||
March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841
|
65
| ||
April 4, 1841 – September 10, 1842
|
50
| ||
June 26, 1844 – March 4, 1845
|
23
| ||
March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849
|
41
| ||
March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850
|
60
| ||
July 9, 1850 – March 4, 1853
|
52
| ||
March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857
|
46
| ||
n/a
|
n/a
| ||
March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
|
42
| ||
February 22, 1862 – May 10, 1865
| |||
April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869
|
54
| ||
March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877
|
43
| ||
March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881
|
45
| ||
March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881
|
48
| ||
January 12, 1880 (Aged 43)
|
n/a
| ||
June 2, 1886 – March 4, 1889
|
21
| ||
March 4, 1889 – October 25, 1892
|
56
| ||
June 2, 1886 – March 4, 1889
|
28
| ||
March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901
|
49
| ||
September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909
|
40
| ||
March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913
|
47
| ||
March 4, 1913 – August 6, 1914
|
52
| ||
December 18, 1915 – March 4, 1921
|
43
| ||
March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923
|
60
| ||
August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1929
|
44
| ||
March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933
|
54
| ||
March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945
|
48
| ||
April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953
|
60
| ||
January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961
|
56
| ||
January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963
|
31
| ||
November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969
|
50
| ||
January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974
|
56
| ||
August 9, 1974 – January 20, 1977
|
56
| ||
January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981
|
49
| ||
January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989
|
59
| ||
January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993
|
63
| ||
January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001
|
45
| ||
January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009
|
54
| ||
January 20, 2009 to January 20, 2016
|
45
|
January 20, 2016 – Present 46
|
Capitals of the United Colonies and States of America
Philadelphia
|
Sept. 5, 1774 to Oct. 24, 1774
| |
Philadelphia
|
May 10, 1775 to Dec. 12, 1776
| |
Baltimore
|
Dec. 20, 1776 to Feb. 27, 1777
| |
Philadelphia
|
March 4, 1777 to Sept. 18, 1777
| |
Lancaster
|
September 27, 1777
| |
York
|
Sept. 30, 1777 to June 27, 1778
| |
Philadelphia
|
July 2, 1778 to June 21, 1783
| |
Princeton
|
June 30, 1783 to Nov. 4, 1783
| |
Annapolis
|
Nov. 26, 1783 to Aug. 19, 1784
| |
Trenton
|
Nov. 1, 1784 to Dec. 24, 1784
| |
New York City
|
Jan. 11, 1785 to Nov. 13, 1788
| |
New York City
|
October 6, 1788 to March 3,1789
| |
New York City
|
March 3,1789 to August 12, 1790
| |
Philadelphia
|
Dec. 6,1790 to May 14, 1800
| |
Washington DC
|
November 17,1800 to Present
|
Book a primary source exhibit and a professional speaker for your next event by contacting Historic.us today. Our Clients include many Fortune 500 companies, associations, non-profits, colleges, universities, national conventions, PR and advertising agencies. As a leading national exhibitor of primary sources, many of our clients have benefited from our historic displays that are designed to entertain and educate your target audience. Contact us to learn how you can join our "roster" of satisfied clientele today!
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Historic.us
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Primary Source Exhibits
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| U.S. Dollar Presidential Coin Mr. Klos vs Secretary Paulson - Click Here |
The United Colonies of North America Continental Congress Presidents (1774-1776)
The United States of America Continental Congress Presidents (1776-1781)
The United States of America in Congress Assembled Presidents (1781-1789)
The United States of America Presidents and Commanders-in-Chiefs (1789-Present)
The United States of America Continental Congress Presidents (1776-1781)
The United States of America in Congress Assembled Presidents (1781-1789)
The United States of America Presidents and Commanders-in-Chiefs (1789-Present)
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